According to Paul Cezanne Essay

Paul Cezanne’s paintings are regarded today as being of considerable importance to the development of modern art. Cezanne’s use of colour as tone and his heavy interest in the formal elements of composition paved the way for artists following on from him to question what they were perceiving and their ability to visually represent what they saw through painting. This essay will be examining the influence that Paul Cezanne had on Cubism and how this elevated the picture into an autonomous object rather than a mere representation of nature. The French Post-Impressionist painter Paul Cezanne, although heavily ignored by the mainstream art sphere centered within Paris, had a considerable impact on Cubism as he laid out the fundamental ideas from which the cubists would create their works. One of the main key points that was central to the cubists was faceting, this reduction of form within the external world and transforming them to geometrical facets, ‘Nature should be treated as cylinders, spheres and cones.’. See more: Examples of satire in adventures of huckfinn essay Cezanne’s manner of depicting reality with inaccuracy and multiple viewpoints divorced itself from the laws of perceptive construction and allowed him to interpret what he saw in a subjective way, he wasn’t interested in merely imitating what he saw onto the canvas but rather to re-think the conventions which restrict traditional painting. A clear departure from traditional painting as a representational phenomenon has taken place, it’s no longer mimetic of nature or reality but rather holds its own reality within itself and painting and art in general is made autonomous through Cezanne’s unique approach. Where other painters saw transient effects of light Cezanne had the ability to perceive geometric structures and thus from his search for underlying structure of composition came Cubism and then Abstraction. In the impressionist movement, and other predecessors to cubism and post-impressionism, artists weren’t concerned in dealing with matters of inner meaning within their paintings, they were simply responding to what they saw which in turn gave little for the viewer to think about. It is here that we see Cezanne’s more conceptual manner of depicting reality by breaking things into obscure shapes and abstracted form, he projects his inner emotion and consciousness onto the canvas to represent a state of mind, ‘The painter’s idea cannot be conceived apart from the means he uses, for it is meaningful only so far as it is embodied in those means, and the deeper his idea the more complete they must be. I am unable to distinguish between my feelings for life and my way of transposing it. A painting must carry all its meanings within itself, and impose it on the viewer before he identifies the subject matter.’. This parallel of representing nature and self by use of facets and high-keyed colour (colour as a subjective device) is something that’s echoed throughout the works of the cubists, specifically the initial stages of this movement. It seems from this point onwards the painting has become a picture object, it’s removed from the shallow confines of our perception and begins to contribute to reality by adding other aspects and elements, ‘ He was, in fact, the first Post-Impressionist to make, as did the Pointillists and eventually the cubists, as structural analysis of nature, producing an art of the mind concerned with emotional apprehension of formal qualities in mountains, women or onions and totally unconcerned with the evanescent effects of light, shade and atmosphere.’ . This manner of painting had seeped into the consciousness of Pablo Picasso and George Braque, although they had obviously added their own elements to form their own individual styles Ceza nne had laid out the basis from which the cubists could build upon. Although Cubism can be categorised into three key phases: Analytical, Hermetic and Synthetic, it is all somewhat representational of reality. Pushed and stretched to its very limits reality has been distorted and forms are no longer instantly apparent, the viewer must project apart of themselves in order to make sense of what is happening within the painting. From the painters view the cubists applied an aspect of analysis in their paintings by which forms became increasingly fragmented, this way of depicting objects, landscapes and people was similar to Cezanne’s work in the way he represented nature. He was looking beyond the mere surface and impressions which met his gaze and focussed on the inner structures that made up things around him, this of course implies careful consideration and a process of analysis. This is something which resonated with Picasso’s work and contributed to his painting Demoiselles d’ Avingon 1908, ‘He took his cue in this partly from Cezanne’s efforts to fashion a way of painting that would lay bare – or at least open up for exploration by the viewer – the complex process of pictorial representation’. Upon looking at the works of Picasso’s Demoiselles d’ Avingon 1908 and even George Braque’s Houses at L’Estaque 1908, we can indicate a clear influence that is derived from Cezanne’s style of this alignment of nature and the artist. In Braque’s painting we note a visible colour palette which has been simplified and the use of structure that has been used in order to re-create nature, all of which is comparable to Cezanne’s painting Mont Sainte-Victoire 1902-04. However, Braque has accentuated certain elements resulting in a more systematic , clean and simplified style, ‘Yet unlike Cezanne, Braque pushes the juxtaposition of different perspectives to the point of contradiction, and underscores it with a quite arbitrary distribution of light and shade; rooflines fail to meet walls, spaces and solids are elided, buildings are stacked up against one another like playing cards, and in the absence of a horizon the landscape is compress ed into the space of a low relief.’. (FOOTNOTE: Movements in Modern Art Cubism, David Cottington, pg. 22)We notice a clear direction towards further abstraction in terms of form and colour and as cubism progresses these abstractions are further emphasised until reality is barely visible and only signals and indications of things are implied to the viewer. In addition, Picasso’s painting held similar elements of Cezanne’s style and although his painting Demoiselles d’ Avingnon is regarded as more of a proto-cubist artwork in a way it planted the seeds of his style which would later blossom and carry the cubist movement. He is still referencing Cezanne in terms of geometric shapes, limited colours, the fusions between negative and positive shapes and also the arbitrary use of light as he sees fit. Moving away from Demoiselles d’ Avingnon and focussing on Cottage and Trees (La Rue-des-Bois) 1908, again we see a direct correlation in terms of style to Cezanne’s and even Braque’s painting Houses at L’Estaque, in terms of subject matter it’s quite similar; fragmented shapes are used to signify a landscape with houses and contorted trees, however this use of shapes is further abstracted from that of Cezanne’s and Braque’s and again we see the use of colour being completely redundant in terms of imitating the world. The painting has become a complex of invented forms, singular viewpoints, accurate proportions and visual representation are no longer necessary, ‘Picasso independently emphasises each elemnt – volume, line, plane, light and shade – even at the expense of compositional unity. The effect is to maximise the dynamic effect of the painting.’. The emancipation of pictorial elements of line and colour elevated the painting to the picture object, as these elements no longer needed to be used objectively to depict the reality in which we are all submitted to, rather the artists can form the basis of a painting from reality and meet it halfway through his use of representing the internal reality which he is mentally experiencing. Cezanne used a process of analysis and reflection in creating his work which then influenced the cubists to constitute their own individual reality and project it onto the canvas. The result being fragmented geometric shapes which accentuate certain elements of figures, subjective and limited use of colour and an overall less naturalistic representation of what is directly being observed, this in turn helped painters like the cubists to re think what they were painting and also to think of what painting in general could be.

Enviromental Issues

These are a few of many environmental issues that are faced in the Coastal Plains, the Western Cordillera, and the Arctic today. The Coastal Plains has many issues that need to be addressed. The Coastal Plains is a flat, low-lying area of land which is beside the sea coast.It stretches smoke along the Ignited States and Mexico. It varies in climate depending on the region. For example in the north, it is defined by snowy and cold winters although in the summer it is hot and humid. In the southern part of the coastal plains it is sub-tropical, which means the winters are usually mild and warm. One of the many environmental issues in the Coastal Plains is urban sprawl (overpopulation). The Texas plains has expanded in population by 1 19% from 1970-90. The consequences of this are a large amount of carbon oxide being emitted into the atmosphere caused by cars and factories.This also contributes to the climate change in the planet and global warming. Along with this, sea levels are risin g and tropical storms/hurricanes are becoming more apparent. A solution to this issue is less usage of cars. If we could use fewer cars and start using more public transportation such as bikes and buses, we could put less carbon dioxide into the environment. We can't fix the overpopulation issue but at least bringing awareness could possibly make a difference. Overall, the Coastal Plains is a beautiful area that needs to have these issues fixed or bringing more awareness to the public.The Western Cordillera is a region in North America with environmental issues that can affect us greatly in the future. The Western Cordillera goes along the west coast of North America. It contains numerous mountains that haven't been worn down by erosion. The climate is usually mild but mostly it is very wet. The issues the Western Cordillera is climate change and clear cutting. Climate change affects this region by impacting future water resources. The jack of snow caused by climate change could mak e water more scarce in the future.Clear cutting is also a severe issue. Clear cutting is when you cut down an entire forest until nothing is left. Consequently, salmon bearing streams are also affected too. The solutions the water issue is less uses of personal transportation. By using fewer cars we can reduce the amount of greenhouse gases and which equals slower effects of global warming. The clear cutting issue can be fixed by regulating what trees can be cut. Cutting the old trees instead of the new growth could help the environment.However, the economy situation would make these possible solutions a challenge to follow. The Arctic could negatively change the Earth if we don't fix the severe issues that are happening at this moment. The Arctic region is a combination of lowlands and mountains. The climate is very severe since because it is not close to the equator. Summers are very short and winter dominates most months. Iron socially, the arctic is a desert because of the littl e amount of precipitation. The Arctic has been very vulnerable to effects of global warming.The Arctic temperatures were raised more than twice than usual over the past century. This can lead to higher sea levels which could possibly be a disaster. Another thing that can happen is the extinction of Arctic animals. With less ice in the region, polar bears have a harder time finding food to eat and then they unfortunately die of starvation. The solution to this issue isn't really possible. Again, using less fossil fuel could possibly help. Possibly bringing awareness about the issue could bring public pressure to the government to do something.However, until that would happen, we can only see the effects climate change has on this region In conclusion, the Coastal Plains, the Western Cordillera, and the Arctic have serious environmental issues that can permanently change the world. The one thing that all of these regions have in common is that they are all effected by climate change/g lobal warming. We can't necessarily stop it but we can do our part to help these regions by not overly using personal transportation and emitting a lot of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Overall, these regions can negatively affect us unless we do something to change it.

Literature Review Graduate Recruitment and Selection

Literature Review: Graduate Recruitment and Selection Recruitment and selection forms the foundation of the core activities and processes underlying human resource management and such activities include the acquisition, training and development, and rewarding performance of workers (Gilmore, and Williams, 2009). The success and sustainability of most organizations is directly proportional to skills and competencies of the employees. Equally, the entry point into any organization is dependent on the effectiveness of the recruitment and selection practices of the hiring team within the organization. In light of this, competition in the UK employment market has increased tremendously over the past few decades. This can be attributed to the inability of the employment market to absorb the growing pool of graduates from institutions of higher learning. According to Mohamed Branine, (2008, p. 497), graduate recruitment is one of the leading and toughest challenges facing the majority of potential employers. Mohamed (2008) argues that the caus es of this phenomenon can be in part due to the complexities associated with the selection of the most qualified individuals and as well, due to the availability of several graduates in different disciplines from Ivy League institutions. To that purpose, the demand for quality graduates will remain highly competitive, the most advantaged recruiters will be those with strong recruitment policies, coupled with exceptional training and development policies. In some instances, financial abilities of potential recruiters will play a substantial role in future graduate recruitment and selection processes. Varied researches and studies have been carried out and written up regarding the aspect of graduate recruitment, the attitudes of graduates, and the attitudes of recruiters with respect to choosing their employers, and as well, the perceptions of graduates towards their formative years in the employment sector. Covered in past researches also includes the influences of management executives on recruiting activities, the strategies and methods used to conduct and communicate information regarding the recruitment process, and reliability and accuracy of the recruiting tools and instruments. Much of this research has, however, concentrated on different aspects within the recruitment and selection process in different organizations across the work. Scope of this Literature Review In setting the context for the research undertaken in this paper, this research limits itself to the discussion of graduate recruitment and selection process in the United Kingdom. It aims to cover the gap that existed in previous researches that have been covered and written up on the field of graduate recruitment and selection process by limiting the aspect of generalizations and concentrating on particular aspects. To that purpose, it will define the concept of graduate recruitment, examine the changes and types in the strategies and methods of graduate recruitment and selection used in UK-based organizations, and identify the reasons behind the variations in the changes and developments. Additionally, this literature review will examine graduate recruitment tools and mechanisms applied in various recruitment processes, and as well, highlight particular aspects that interest employers or recruiters during the graduate recruitment process (Raybould, and Sheedy, 2005). Finally yet i mportant, the literature review will provide a consistent conclusion based on the analysis of the graduate recruitment and selection process in the UK and possibly offer recommendations regarding future researches in general, and the graduate recruitment and selection process in particular. In this literature review, the term ‘graduate’ is used to refer to both undergraduate (bachelor’s degree) and postgraduate (Master’s degree) holders from recognized institutions of higher learning such as college or university. Therefore, any reference made herein referring to graduates will be referring to applicants holding either an undergraduate degree or a postgraduate degree. Majority of individuals in these categories is prepared to handle the complexities associated with diverse forms of employment and work. Simply put, their institutions equipped them with the requisite knowledge and skills required in the employment market. Graduate Recruitment and Selection Graduate recruitment and selection forms an essential part in the central activities underlying the management of human resources within many organizations. These activities include the acquisition of talent, training and developing the talent, and eventually rewarding the performance of the acquired talent. As such, the recruitment and selection process forms an integral part of the works undertaken by human resource management and other specialists involved in the graduate and recruitment process. According to Mohamed Branine (2008, p. 500) â€Å"graduate recruitment and selection process refers to the process of searching for and obtaining potential job applicants from graduates in sufficient quantity and quality so that potential employers can select the most suitable candidates to fill in their job vacancies (p. 500).† Universally, there is commonly accepted strategy or commonly agreed procedure of recruiting and selecting graduates due to the different recruiting needs a nd selection methods among many employers. The differences and variations in recruiting and selection methods among employers are dependent on the operations, size, and needs (Sackett Lievens, 2008). The graduate recruitment and selection process is structured in such a manner that it involves planned rational activities comprising of particular sequentially linked phases within the employee resourcing process. Graduate recruitment and selection process comprises of two aspects that can be broken down to its constituent parts. Having defined ‘graduate’ to refer to undergraduate and postgraduate degree holders, the terms ‘recruitment’ and ‘selection’ can be defined as separate constituent parts. ‘Recruitment’ entails the process of generating a pool of capable people who qualify to apply for employment positions in certain organizations. On the other hand, ‘selection’ refers to the process of whereby managers and recruiting officials utilize specific instruments to choose particular individuals from a pool of applicants in which a person or persons are more likely to succeed in that particular job position and this is mainly dependent on the goals of management and respective legal requirements. Raybould, and Sheedy, (2005, p. 63) posit that, however the two functions (recruitment and selection) are closely connected, each func tion calls for the application of different sets of skill and expertise, and they are fulfilled different members within the hiring process. As such, the recruitment activity can be outsourced to outside agencies but the selection cannot be outsourced and this explains the reason as to why it is advantageous to treat the two items separately. Speaking of the roles, the recruitment and selection process plays a pivotally important role in any organization as far as shaping the performance and effectiveness is concerned. For instance, if organizations are capable of acquiring workers with the requisite skills, knowledge, and aptitudes, then, it becomes obvious that these organizations are capable of making accurate predictions regarding the future abilities of the selected employees/workers. This premise suggests that following an effective and efficient strategy in recruiting and selecting workers enables organizations to avoid undesirable costs such as high staff turnover costs, poor performance among workers, and dissatisfied customers (Raybould, and Sheedy, 2005). Eventually, it engenders a mutually beneficial employment relationship within the organization and it can be evidenced by increased commitment among the involved workers. To this purpose, the recruitment and selection process forms an integral part in the orga nizational process of leading and managing people and the recruitment and selection process is increasingly important in the strengthening of competitive advantage within that organization. The UK Graduate Recruitment and Selection The objective of this review is to examine and uncover the effectiveness of the recruitment and selection process among UK-based organizations. As noted, graduate recruitment and selection process forms an essential part in the central activities underlying the management of human resources within many organizations (Gilmore, and Williams, 2009). These activities include the acquisition of talent, training and developing the talent, and eventually rewarding the performance of the acquired talent. Mohamed (2008, p. 497), even though the number of individuals entering the higher education market has doubled over the past two decades, many employers still find it difficult to recruit the type of employees that fulfill their hiring needs and requirements. The list of desirable qualities among employers has become sophisticated desirable qualities from job applicants. The Association of Graduate Recruiters reports recruitment and hiring agencies receive thousands of applications from grad uates, but the employers still find it difficult to find the applicants who meet their quality. Could there be a problem with the recruiting and selection process? Do graduate applicants fail to fulfill the hiring needs, qualities, or qualifications? These are examples of questions that need answers in order to understand the reasons as to why employers still find it difficult to get the right candidates for their jobs (Shiona, 2010). Despite the availability of limited vacancies, potential employers have had to cope with increased volumes of job applicants. Mohamed (2008) argues that employers in the UK search for graduates, who are capable of adding value to their economic strength and well, enhance their reputation. Employers often recruit workers whom they can train and develop in order to utilize their skills and knowledge (Roberts, 2005). Nevertheless, what does it take to be a good graduate? What processes do employers use to identify good graduates? Another important revelation of the recruitment and selection process within the UK job industry is the relationship betwe en the employment (graduate) labor market and the higher education sector. While higher education is supposed to nurture and prepare graduates for the job market by enhancing knowledge and learning, it is not their duty to secure employment opportunities for the graduates. This can be attributed to the fact that the higher education market is responsible for preparing graduates to fit the needs of different employment sectors thereby making it difficult to provide training to specific individuals. An exploratory study by Carless (2007) revealed that institutions of higher learning play critical roles in ensuring efficiency and efficacy among graduates. Studies by Silvester, Anderson, Haddleton, Cunningham-snell, and Gibb (2000, p. 16) point out that the graduate recruitment and selection process in the UK has undergone tremendous changes in the recent past and the majority of such changes entail the streamlining of selection procedures to reduce costs. Among the highly adopted strat egies are the use virtual selection methods such video interviews, telephones, and internet means. Traditionally, organizations in the UK recruiting industry found it a lot easier to recruit candidates from the list of job applicants, who accepted any form of job offering (Mohamed, 2008, p. 498). In the contemporary UK job market, thousands of applicants can apply for vacant job positions but it becomes a difficult task to recruit the ideal candidate. This can be attributed to the different trends and developments that have occurred in the recruitment and selection methods. Increased competition among graduate employers, technological advancements, and socio-economic and political changes are other factors that have led to complexities in the recruitment and selection processes. Keenan (2005) postulates that the recruitment and selection process in the UK follows a sequential process referred to as the resourcing cycle. Resourcing cycle of the recruitment and selection process As earlier mentioned, the recruitment and selection process follows some defined sequences characterized by distinct and inter-linked stages. These sequences are referred to as the resourcing cycle of the recruitment and selection process. This cycle begins when graduates identify an available vacancy and ends when the selected candidate lives up to the expectation of the case by performing to the required standards. To graduate, the organization is a prospective employer while to the organization the candidate is evaluated to fill the vacancy (Raybould, and Sheedy, 2005). In order to ensure that best candidates are selected to a particular post, it is forcefully crucial that the recruitment and selection process be handled in a timely and professional manner characterized by effectiveness and efficiency. The first step of the recruitment and selection process entails the announcement of a vacant position within an organization. This move is subject to thorough decision-making by members of the management regarding the strategic impacts within their organization (Tineke, Maddy, 2008). At times, situations exist where a vacant position resulting after an employee leaves are organization is replaced with automated machines. If the decision is made that, the vacant position requires to be filled, job specifications are drawn down to reflect the duties and requirements needed for that job in addition to requisite skills, experiences, and personal attributes. The next step involves the process of attracting candidates in order to produce a large pool of applicants from where the ideal candidate will be selected. Very often this function of the recruitment and selection process are outsourced to recruiting and hiring agencies in order to eliminate the number of unsuitable candidates applyi ng for the vacant position. The third step is the resourcing cycle that entails shortlisting the number of candidates to a manageable level whereby it will be easy to make an employment decision (Tineke Maddy, 2008). The selection process generates an optimum number of job seekers and the majority of applicants are rejected during this stage. Many things happen during this stage because the recruitment tools and strategies are applied during this stage including interviews, face-to-face meetings, and other forms of communicating the selection procedure. Once the recruiting tools and methods have been utilized, recruitment decisions are made and the actual selection is made. Nonetheless, the selection process does not mark the end of the job recruitment and selection exercise because their abilities and capabilities to perform the allotted job to maximum cannot be ascertained. To avoid uncertainties regarding the capabilities of selected individuals, a probationary period is imposed whereby the performance and potential of employees is assessed and evaluated. This period marks the transition period or the post selection phase where the selected employees are inducted and integrated into the organization. This is a critical process because the selected candidates are taught several issues relating to the organization such as the organizational culture, normal routines, and ethical processes within the organization. The final stage under the resourcing cycle is the evaluation of the entire post-selection process and conducting a reflec tion of the lessons learnt from the entire process and as well, suggesting future implications. Statistics of Variations in Recruitment and Selection methods According to survey findings undertaken to determine the causes of variations in recruitment methods used by employers in UK, each year, 91 per cent of employers and potential graduate recruits prefer the internet as the ideal method for large organizations (Mohamed, 2008, p. 504). Closely behind the internet at 89 per cent was the use of career literature such as Prospects, Prospects Today, and GET directory ((Mohamed, 2008, p. 504). Other methods such as milk rounds and career fairs were less popular after the survey findings estimated its popularity at 45 per cent each while recruitment agencies was the least popular at 15 per cent (Mohamed, 2008, p. 504). Similarly, the survey also considered the cause of variations in terms of selection methods used by employers in the UK graduate recruitment and selection industry (Mohamed, 2008, p. 506). From the survey, the use of CVs and Cover letters was mostly preferred by small and medium-sized employers while the use of assessment centers and aptitude tests were less preferred by most employers (Mohamed, 2008, p. 506). Shortlisting of respondents before inviting them for the interview was also revealed as one of the commonly used selection methods (Mohamed, 2008, p. 506). In situations where interviews were conducted, a combination of both single and panel interviews was used with variations in compositions of members in the interviewing panel (Mohamed, 2008, p. 506). Speaking of reasons for the variations in recruiting and selection methods among the graduates, accuracy and relevancy of the selection and recruitment methods seemed to be the overriding factor (Mohamed, 2008, p. 508). To that purpose, employers cited the employer application form as being the most accurate and reliable method for assessing the characteristics and qualities of potential employees (Mohamed, 2008, p. 508). This can be attributed to fact that employer application forms provided high levels of accuracy when gathering information, assessing the company’s competencies, and as well, in simplification of the selection process (Mohamed, 2008, p. 508). In terms of cost saving, the CV and covering letter provided the highest cost saving levels due to the ease of sending and in providing more information. Equally noteworthy was the use of interviews in gathering crucial but first information about the applicants. The two-interaction, fairness, ability to fill gaps left b y other forms, and the ease of validation were cited as the factors that promoted the use of interviews in the selection process (Mohamed, 2008, p. 508). Types of Graduate Recruitment and Selection Methods Milk Round This recruitment method involves the process of conducting annual recruitment programs during career fairs different institutions of higher learning whereby potential employers and companies converge to give public lectures, presentations, and as well meet and/or interview final year students. This strategy was immensely popular in the UK some two decades ago before the expansion and development of the information age. Additionally, companies advertise and promote the available employment opportunities directly to the participating students. Many a time, the associated companies involved in these milk rounds had periodic graduate trainee programs that were specifically developed and designed to absorb fresh graduates, train them, and provide the requisite exposure to issues relating to the business world. Career services such as university outreach programmes and linkages were responsible for organizing the trade fairs in liaison with particular companies. However, this method slowly lost its popularity due to technological advancements and increased use of the internet. Most companies have created web-based recruitment strategies such as CV databases, job boards, and recruiting agencies. Companies have even gone to an extent of using the internet for job advertising, filling online application forms, and even conducting online tests such aptitude tests (Mohamed, (2008, p.500). Employee Referrals The current employees within the organization can act as a rich source of providing linkages to potential recruits. They might hold vital information about graduates who can match the available position within the organization and such individuals might not be in a position of responding to normal recruitment methods (Shiona, 2010). This can be attributed to the fact that most of such employees might be occupied in other jobs and might not be actively searching for job placements. However, they might be enticed to look for other available employment opportunities if the right opportunity presents itself along the way. Such a strategy can be encouraged by offering bonuses to employees who provide leads through referrals. Recruitment Brochures, Magazines, and Print Media This involves the use of graduate recruitment literature such as GET Directories, and Prospects of the UK because these brochures are direct targets for most graduates. Organizational recruitment brochures are also availed to participants during graduate recruitment fairs. Other forms that are still increasingly used by prospective employers and companies include advertisement in local dailies and newspaper whereby job adverts are placed on the adverts and targets potential applicants due to the increased velocity of their circulation and area of coverage. Advertisements Although it can be related to the above-mentioned forms of job recruitment methods and techniques, advertisements form an ideal method that is increasingly utilized by employers to market their job vacancies and openings. Adverts are often placed on local newspapers, and online platforms. Majority of adverts are found on job websites because job seekers frequently visit such websites. Job Databases This involves maintaining a job filling system or job database for prospective employers using resumes and CVs that have been collected over extended periods. Such CVs and Resumes might have been collected from career fairs, manual deliveries, and as well from the company’s mail system. Once a job opening avails itself within the organization, the people responsible for recruiting services visit the database and select potential employees from the available list. Employment Agencies Recruiting agencies specialize in the provision of job recruitment initiatives whereby they screen job applicants are subjected to tests relative to the positions they have applied for, based on their skills and qualifications. The costs of utilizing services from the recruiting agency might be high but they offer the best services in terms of selecting the ideal candidates for particular positions (Roberts, 2005). The long-term rewards are often advantageous to the hiring organization. Internal Recruiting This recruitment method is one of the most essential strategies of filling up available vacancies because the current employees within an organization can be suited to fill up positions that have opened up within their organizations. This employee matching strategy reduces the costs associated with other traditional hiring methods. Hiring employees from within enables a company to obtain increased value in terms of employee relation benefits. Equally noteworthy is the idea that hired employees from within often demand lower compensation as compared to hiring employees from external sectors. Lastly, internal recruiting enables companies to decrease their expenditure turnovers through the provision of advancement opportunities for existing employees. Career and Recruitment Fairs Career and recruitment fairs are often ideal places for promoting entry-level jobs for fresh graduates and as well, for those individuals, who are willing to change their jobs. Responsible organs within many universities in conjunction with respective companies organize majority of recruitment and career fairs. Such places are also ideal for enabling potential employers to collect CVs and resumes to be used in future vacancies. Graduate Recruitment mechanism/tools The mechanisms used to select graduates for various positions vary from one recruiter to the other and it depends on the type of job being offered. Commonly used mechanisms and tools include face-to-face interviews, internet, agencies, and tests, among others. Face-to-face Interviews This is the most commonly used recruitment strategy among many employers in the graduate recruitment and selection process within the UK. Job applicants are required to appear before a panel of interviewers whereby general assessment is undertaken. Among the aspects examined during the interview is verification of the originality of documents and testimonials, cross-examining the application to find out the reasons and interests for applying the job, gauging his/her awareness and knowledge concerning matters within the industry. During specific interview sessions, the interviews are technically focused on the examination of particular details regarding the position, job description, and personality traits. The applicant is subjected to a series of questions and tests to determine different capabilities and levels of sustenance for the interviewee (Gill, Banks, 1978). Follow-up questions are often directed to applicants to probe deeply into more details about the applicant including his special skills, points of difference, and qualifications. Recruitment Agencies Recruitment agencies are gaining increased popularity within the UK job industry particularly in the search of graduates and executive talent. This mechanism is one of the most expensive mediums irrespective of whether an organization uses the retainer or the contingency firm. Recruiting agencies specialize in the provision of job recruitment initiatives whereby they screen job applicants and subject them to tests relative to the positions they have applied based on their skills and qualifications. Recruitment agencies are experienced in matching the qualifications of candidates faster than the speed with which other organizations are capable of achieving (Roberts, 2005). Most recruiting agencies have job databases with details of thousands of applicants in addition to having a wider access to potential employees. Similarly, they have greater access to the criteria needed by the hiring companies. Online Application The internet is one of the fastest and cheapest mechanisms of recruiting workers when compared to other traditional methods of recruiting workers. Organizations wishing to recruit workers often post their jobs to internet sites for a modest period where they remain available 24-hours a day. Potential job applicants will be able to view the detailed information about the job opening and position being advertised and send their responses through electronic means. Organizations will be able to screen the applications by assessing the experience of applicants, their skills, and qualifications, and matching them with the skills required in that particular job. Due to advancements in technology, online screening processes and systems are capable of performing automatic filtering of applications send to the receiving mail. This mechanism often enables the organization to filter large volumes of job applications sent to the company. Psychometric Testing This hiring mechanism is often conducted by qualified staff and involves subjecting applicants a wide range of tests. To that purpose, psychometric testing covers varied abilities of applicants include personality profiling, ability testing, and aptitude testing. Such tests often involve two levels-A and B (Sackett, and Lievens, 2008). The first level involves aptitude testing and ability testing whereas the second level B involves personality profiling. Aptitude tests and ability tests covers a wide range of aspects that include mechanical abilities, numerical ability, verbal ability, general intelligence, sensory. and motor abilities. This strategy often allows feedback to be offered to participants. Personality profiling involves testing particular behaviors of applicants by subjecting them to things that might affect their suitability for some posts (Sackett, and Lievens, 2008). Presentations and group exercises Presentations involve giving applicants a particular topic and asking them to deliver a presentation on that topic within a given period. On the other hand, group exercises encompass the division of applicants into particular groups and selecting a role-play or discussion from where every member of the group will be expected to contribute. At the end of the exercise, the group should be in a position of coming up with a meaningful project to enable them to acquire marks. Interests of employers The interests of employers during the graduate recruitment and selection process vary from employer to employer, and depend on the type vacancy. Within these factors are varied aspects such as skills, qualifications, knowledge, experience, organizational capabilities, team spirit, and resilience, among others. To this purpose, graduates should prepare extensively when called for interviews by being committed to the needs and requirements of the recruitment and selection process. Any misunderstanding should be communicated in advance. According to survey findings from Mohamed (2008, p. 508), employers expectations varied depending on the size and nature of operations within the organization (p. 508). Good transferable skills was more preferred to having excellent academic grades. As such, only 21 per cent of respondents argued that the level of degree qualification was more important as compared the degree subject. However, a large percentage (87 per cent) stated that the degree classification was more important than other factors. Summary of the Review The graduate recruitment and selection process in the United Kingdom has undergone various changes over the past few decades and this is likely to bring an impact to future recruitment and selection processes. This can be attributed to the inability of the employment market to absorb the growing pool of graduates from institutions of higher learning. The demand for quality graduates will remain highly competitive, and the most advantaged recruiters will be those with strong recruitment policies, coupled with exceptional training and development policies. Traditionally, organizations in the UK recruiting industry found it a lot easier to recruit candidates from the list of job applicants who accepted any form of job offering (Mohamed, 2008, p. 498). In the contemporary UK job market, thousands of applicants can apply for vacant job positions but it becomes a difficult task to recruit the ideal candidates.

Choosing Immigration Essay Samples Is Simple

Choosing Immigration Essay Samples Is Simple The first thing I want to discuss is unemployment with quite a few of our immigrants. But since it's not possible to stop immigrants from coming to the country in 1 move, steps ought to be undertaken to lessen illegal immigrants in phases. In the end, even highly qualified specialists, who seek better employment, frequently don't get what they're looking for. As for each nation, the most suitable choice is to give jobs solely for their countrymen. What Does Immigration Essay Samples Mean? After all, that's the reason they left. At the exact same time nothing might be as easy as that and there might be a good deal of controversies found in his declared strategies also. The immigrant issue is a popular issue on earth today. If you stay away from counterarguments like the plague, it is going to raise doubts about your capacity to refute them. Immigration doesn't have to be the bad man's escape in the event the government provides enough jobs for everybody. He is a controversial subject which is seldom out of the news. He has been a problem for a very long time now In the United States. He could become an even more serious problem in the U.S. if the government does not produce stricter laws. On the 1 hand it can help to curtail the expenses incurred by the USA budget to fund the presence of all of the illegal immigrants. Therefore, low-skilled workers from some other nations, that are demandable in america, search for illegal means of crossing the border. First of all, it seeks to boost the awareness of the usa and international general public, particularly in the light of america internal immigration crisis rapid growth. Regardless of all of the previous strategies to control illegal immigration in the usa. Life After Immigration Essay Samples An individual might argue that the immigrants are people after all and that they ought to not be discriminated against even should they come illegally into the nation. Consequently, today, immigrants face various challenges than immigrants in the previous years. Today they are very diverse, since they come from various parts of the world characterized with distinct physical features. There has to be a body of authorities w ho'd monitor the illegal immigrants in a nation. The Debate Over Immigration Essay Samples Obviously, the immigration package still needs to make it through the Senate. For instance, you might opt to claim that illegal immigration is helpful to the economy. Immigration has turned into a large international issue, especially within the field of economics, trade, and company. Illegal immigration can be repealed in the event the government takes the right measures. So far as the bias feature of the short article is concerned, it appears reasonable to emphasize the simple fact that the article in question is all but politically unbiased. There are several things that you should include in immigration essays all of which we are totally versed in. When it regards an illegal immigration essay we are also able to mention the particular legal situation for a particular nation, and able to create illegal immigration essays reflect either side of the story from the point of the illega l immigrant and from the point of the nation they want to move to. If you must compose an argumentative essay on immigration, but don't have enough time or energy to do it all on your own, you have discovered the ideal location. A thesis statement is 1 sentence in which you share the aim of your essay. In each paragraph of the human body of the essay, you can begin by writing a topic sentence. New Ideas Into Immigration Essay Samples Never Before Revealed When combined with how the gap in wealth between wealthy and poor countries is ever increasing, it's apparent that immigration is something which is only likely to grow. It is a problem that's affecting all peoples of the planet. From this perspective, illegal immigration for a phenomenon has an inclination of spreading. The good' fight against despots and to curb the rise of extremist terrorists has made a lot of hot spots on earth. Vital Pieces of Immigration Essay Samples It's indeed practical to work abroad, especially if it's the case that you do not observe any improvement in your nation's financial landscape. Given that illegal immigrants aren't entitled to several advantages, some businesses capitalize on this fact to save on labor expense s. Immigrant population for a whole is a big net burden on the economy. In conclusion, it is obvious that factors like political stability and superior education are among the recent reasons for migration to Canada. There isn't any chance of you getting a plagiarized paper written by another person. When you get your completed essay, be certain you tell all your friends what a terrific service it is and what's the ideal place to purchase cheap essays. Unfortunately, you place your money and reputation at risk when selecting an untrustworthy writing company. They should examine the larger picture, not think of how cheap it'll be hiring illegal immigrants instead of the rest.

The Interesting Narrative Life of Olaudah Equiano and Amistad

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; CoMpArE and CoNtRaSt nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Both, â€Å"The Interesting Narrative Life of Olaudah Equiano† and â€Å"Amistad† are important stories about slavery in pre-civil war america because they both address the issues of slavery. These gentlemen in the story made a difference in the slave trade. In â€Å"The life of Olaudah Equiano†, Olaudah was sold on a slave ship that came to the Barbados. Olaudah worked for his freedom, and in the end became efficient in American language. He worked his way to the free life and in the end it worked out for him, although it leaves scars on his soul. In â€Å"Amistad†, Cinque is a slave that leads a revolt on a slave ship after escaping. When they get to america, Baldwin, a†¦show more content†¦Cinque also learned only a few words, as opposed to the whole american language, which Olaudah did. â€Å"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano† focuses more on the harsh conditions on the slave ships while t he â€Å"Amistad† story spends more time on the trial that set the slave free. Olaudah Equiano fought against slavery in England while Cinque and the Africans of the Amistad became a symbol of freedom for the abolitionist movement in Pre-Civil War America. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In conclusion, both â€Å"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano† and â€Å"Amistad† are important stories that thoughtfully comment on the slavery issue. â€Å"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano† points out the harsh conditions on the slave ships. The story of â€Å"Amistad†, African slaves and the trials they had to go through highlights the injustice of slavery. As Adams said â€Å"The natural state of mankind is instead-and I know this is aShow MoreRelatedThe Narrative And Other Writings1137 Words   |  5 PagesOlaudah Equiano’s The interesting Narrative and Other Writings is a very important piece of historical literature because not many books or narratives are around today that can teach the real happenings of the European slave trade in the eighteenth century. Equiano makes several arguments against slavery. Arguments from Equiano and points from the lecture state that slave ry is that is inhumane. Slavery takes away the African’s and the white man’s humanity. Chapter two of The Interesting NarrativeRead MoreAdvocating Abolition Timeline Transatlantic Slave Trade1876 Words   |  8 PagesMaroon War in Jamaica. British agree a treaty with the Maroon leader Cudjoe in 1739 giving the Maroons 1,500 acres of land in return for helping to capture other escaped slaves ‘Tackey’s rebellion’ in Antigua Olaudah Equiano (author of The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African) is born Slave rebellion in Jamaica Slave rebellion in Martinique Seven Years War. Britain gains Dominica, Grenada, St Vincent and Tobago William Wilberforce, the abolitionist,

Resource and Source

Question: Discuss about theResource and Source. Answer: Determination of Residential Status Residential status of an Individual for taxation purpose in Australia is determined under subsection 6(1) TR 98/17 of Income Tax Assessment Act (ITAA) 1997 under the ordinary meaning. In order to establish whether a person is an Australian resident or not, the person is required to satisfy the primary resides test. In case the individual fails to satisfy the resides test then statutory test shall be considered for determining the residential status of individual for the purpose of tax (Zelinsky 2016). Resides test: As per the provisions under TR 98/17 ITAA 97 subsection 6(1) a person is said to be Australian resident if the individual resides in Australia (Mitchell et al. 2015). In case the resident fails to satisfy this test, he is required to satisfy one of the three conditions of statutory test, which are as follows: Domicile test: An individual is an Australian resident if his domicile or place of permanent home is in Australia except the assessing officer is content that the persons permanent home is outside Australia (Hua, Oliphant and Hu 2016). 183- Day test: If an individual resides in Australia for 183 days or more whether or not continuously, the person shall be said to have constructive residential status in Australia. Superannuation test: Under this test, government employees of Australia working overseas are required to be treated as resident of Australia. In the given case, Fred, a management consultant of British corporation comes to Australia to set up his companys branch and stayed for 11 months though the length of his stay was uncertain. His wife accompanied him during his visit to Australia but his son stayed in London for commencing the college while his daily behavior remained similar to that of his home country. Further, Fred earned rental income from UK property as well as interest on investments made in France. Since, Fred does not resides in Australia, he failed to satisfy the primary condition under resides test TR98/17 ITAA 97. However, statutory test shall be considered to examine his residential status in Australia for taxation purpose. As Freds permanent home is in UK, domicile test shall not be considered as well as superannuation test shall also not apply because Fred is not an Australian government employee (Vieira, Stewart and Beal 2015). Therefore, 183- day test shall be checked to determine his residential status, which requires an individual to stay in Australia exceeding half of income year. Based on a decided case of Levene v IRC (1928) AC 217, Fred would be treated as a resident of Australia for taxation purpose because his stay in Australia was more than six months. Although the stay of Fred in Australia was uncertain, yet his total stay was more than 183 days and he had leased a residence to stay in Melbourne for 12 months. Further, absence of his son during his stay in Australia and his daily behavior like his home country would not be considered while examining his residential status. Therefore, Fred is an Australian resident for taxation purpose under subsection 6(1) TR 98/17 ITAA 97. Reference List Hua, Y., Oliphant, M. and Hu, E.J., 2016. Development of renewable energy in Australia and China: A comparison of policies and status.Renewable Energy,85, pp.1044-1051. Mitchell, C., McLanahan, S., Notterman, D., Hobcraft, J., Brooks-Gunn, J. and Garfinkel, I., 2015. Family Structure Instability, Genetic Sensitivity, and Child Well-Being1.American journal of sociology,120(4), pp.1195-1225. Vieira, A.S., Stewart, R.A. and Beal, C.D., 2015. Air source heat pump water heaters in residential buildings in Australia: Identification of key performance parameters.Energy and buildings,91, pp.148-162. Zelinsky, E.A., 2016. Defining Residence for Income Tax Purposes: Domicile as Gap-Filler, Citizenship as Proxy and Gap-Filler.Michigan Journal of International Law,37.

Redesigning a SandwichToaster to Improve its Performance and Life Cycle

Introduction Electronic home appliances have become a vital aspect of human life in contemporary world. They range from mobile phones, television sets, computers, radios, and cookers. It is noted that such gadgets are intended to make life more enjoyable. However, the intention notwithstanding, there is an emerging trend where the same machines pose a danger to the environment (Vallero Brasier 2008, p. 217).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Redesigning a SandwichToaster to Improve its Performance and Life Cycle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, stakeholders and policy makers have developed a number of frameworks to monitor and minimise the negative effects that electronic appliances have on the environment. One such concept is the Life Cycle Analysis (herein referred to as LCA). According to Crawford (2008, p. 496), LCA is regarded as a technique that is essential in understanding the environmental impacts of a given product. The current essay is written against this background. In the paper, the author examines the environmental impacts of a toaster. The report seeks to develop a concept to redesign a sandwich toaster. The aim is to ensure that the appliance is environmentally friendly. The paper begins by addressing the weaknesses of the gadget. The analysis is based on the knowledge acquired by the author with regards to LCA (Zamagni 2012, p. 375). Thereafter, a critical review of the implications of these weaknesses is provided. At the end of the paper, a new design for the toaster is proposed. The envisaged design has two major benefits. First, it is expected to improve the performance of this appliance. Secondly, the new model will alter the components of the toaster, reducing its negative effects on the environment. Weaknesses of the Sandwich Toaster Trusty (2010, para. 3) is of the opinion that the energy consumption associated with various home appliances should be re viewed from an environmental perspective. A domestic electronic gadget, such as a toaster, is essential in the production of sandwiches. It is very convenient as it eases the whole process of food preparation. However, the materials used in manufacturing and designing the machine have varying effects on the environment. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (2012, para. 3) has tried to address this issue. The organisation advocates for the utilisation of eco-friendly appliances at home and in the office. The need to reduce negative ecological impacts necessitates the redesign of appliances. Such remodelling improves the performance and ‘eco-friendliness’ of the said machine. Today, there are diverse culinary techniques that require similarly diverse appliances to execute. Pastry lovers will agree that toasted bread is a delicacy that saves a lot of time and eliminates the need to rush to the coffee shop. When prepared at home, such snacks tend to bring the f amily together and reduce expenditure on unnecessary inputs. As a result of this, a toaster is one of the appliances whose role is realised when there is a need to prepare bread and other types of food.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lowell (2009, para. 3) affirms that most modern kitchens contain this vital appliance. In terms of power consumption, Lowell (2009, para. 4) points out that a typical toaster requires an average of 900 watts. At this level of consumption, such machines are usually used to toast two slices of bread at once. The only way to understand and redesign a given machine is by analysing its various components (Horne, Grant Verghese 2009, p. 43). The structure of a simple appliance, such as a mobile phone, is characterised by dozens of parts. Each of these parts is designed to play a specific role. The various roles are synchronised to achieve the overa ll functionality of the machine. Murielle (2011) provides an illustration of the materials used in the packaging of an average toaster. A review of the structure of this machine reveals that most of the components used are manufactured through industrial processes that are harmful to the environment. As a result of this, the finished product is associated with a number of shortcomings as far as its use is concerned. The varying weaknesses have serious ramifications to the surroundings. It is important to understand the uses of a given appliance. Such an understanding enables one to determine the inefficiencies, if any, that are linked to the machine (Hendrickson, Lester Scott 2006, p. 39). Murielle (2011, para. 4) indicates that most heating appliances used around the home are made of steel. As a result, they consume a lot of electricity. In light of this, it appears that the first weakness associated with a toaster, as a domestic appliance, has to do with its energy consumption. A ccording to Guo (2012, p. 47), most heating appliances consume approximately 5% of the total power in a home setting. Since a toaster falls under this category of gadgets, it follows that its kilowatt-hour consumption is quite high. Vogtlander (2011, p. 76) points out that many appliances that are used domestically are made from synthetic materials. Owing to the complexity of their applications, machines like toasters require artificial materials that are inexpensive to produce (Vogtlander 2009, p. 104). An example of a commonly used component in manufacturing these machines is phenol formaldehyde. An average toaster is made up of several parts that are designed using this material. Bakerlite is another common substance used in producing heating components. Smil (2013, p. 88) argues that most ecological problems arise from synthetic materials that fail to decompose when their life span expires. The hypothesis is based on the fact that all appliances have a certain duration within wh ich they are expected to last (Vogtlander, Maestre, Rosan, Arno Reene, 2013, p. 66). A skeletal observation of a toaster indicates that it is manufactured using most of these synthetic items. For example, its plug contains bakerlite, whereas its handle cover is coated with phenol formaldehyde.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Redesigning a SandwichToaster to Improve its Performance and Life Cycle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The explanation illustrated above indicates that appliances made from synthetic materials have a negative effect on the environment. Guo (2012, p. 93) is of the opinion that this is one of the weaknesses of these products. As already indicated, most of the components found in a toaster are made using the aforementioned man-made materials. The observation highlights the second shortcoming as far as a toaster is concerned. The life cycle analysis suggests that appliances should be made fr om bio-degradable materials. The objective of such a preference is to ensure that a given machine can be safely and effectively recycled upon the expiry of its life cycle. Another element associated with the life cycle of an appliance, such as a toaster, involves its packaging. Vogtlander et al. (2013, p. 103) argue that any product should be packaged in a manner that conforms to the stipulated safety standards. The standards are formulated to ensure that the pack can be recycled. An example of such a scenario involves packing the product in a biodegradable material like cardboard. Such items decompose easily and are eco-friendly. Pablo (2009, p. 172) points out that most electrical appliances are packed together with several accompaniments. To this end, it is common to find such elements as manuals and other wrappings in the container used to pack a machine like a toaster. The appliances may be wrapped in multiple layers of plastic material. Such a presentation adds to the gadgetâ €™s shortcomings with regards to disposal. Plastic, as aforementioned, is a synthetic material. As a result, a toaster with such kind of packaging is an ecological hazard in itself. The wrappers add to its weaknesses. Figure 1 below illustrates a typical toaster: Figure 1: A cross section of the sandwich toaster Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From figure 1 above, it appears that the most conspicuous aspect of the appliance is the extended heating material. The curved copper element arcs across the inner surface of the plates. One places their sandwich on the rectangular part (Murielle (2011, para. 4). Evidently, a lot of heat is lost during the toasting process. The heat dissipates into the regions that are not in contact with the bread. In addition, the toaster has a phenol formaldehyde casing that acts as an insulator. The same is indicated by the darkened regions on the diagram. The material used to make the handles should be biodegradable to make the recycling process easier Implications of the Weaknesses Klopfer and Grahl (2014, p. 83) are of the opinion that the performance and durability of an appliance are directly linked to the machine’s shortcomings. The said weaknesses have several implications on the functionality of this gadget. Such weaknesses should be addressed to improve the overall quality of the item. In life cycle analysis, such a product as a toaster is expected to complete its cycle. The phases run from the time it was manufactured to the recycling point. The inability to complete the span implies that the performance of that appliance is compromised (see Figure 2 below). Figure 2: Life Cycle of an Appliance Adapted from: Klopfer and Grahl (2014) From Figure 2, it is evident that an appliance undergoes several stages that make up its ‘life’. The phases are evident in spite of the fact that the machine is inanimate in nature. Roughly, there are four phases in the life of an appliance. As indicated in the figure above, the stages start with the preparation of raw materials and end with the recycling of the product (Alastair 2009, p. 151). In some cases, shortcomings may inhibit the flow of the cycle. Under such circumstances, overall performance is affected (Esty Simmons 2011, p. 188). The discourse provided in the previous section reveals that the major w eaknesses of a sandwich toaster are related to its energy consumption, packaging, and difficulty in disposal. Curran (2012, p. 93) argues that it is possible to regulate the rate at which an appliance consumes power. The major components of the sandwich toaster, as illustrated in figure 1 above, comprise of steel and copper heating materials. The abundant use of these elements is responsible for the high consumption of electricity. The use of energy is further compounded by the quality of steel used to assemble the product. Poor quality steel translates to high energy consumption (Chapman 2005, p. 187). The case is the same for copper with impurities. Appliances that utilise a lot of energy lead to increased demand for electricity, which has a ripple effect on the environment. Today, fossil fuels and a host of other non-renewable energy sources account for most of the electrical power produced in the world (Klopfer Grahl 2014, p. 97; Thwaites 2011, p. 109). Alastair (2009, p. 106) is emphatic that fossil fuels contribute to environmental degradation. As such, appliances whose electrical consumption is high lead to increased massive ecological deprivation. The exploitation emanates from the fact that a lot of fossil fuels will be required to produce electricity. On a more positive note, high demand for energy gives rise to the formulation of innovative measures. Curran (2012, p. 100) suggests that the need for environmental protection has triggered the development of alternative sources of energy. The existence of appliances whose power consumption is high means that the demand for energy in the market will persist. Innovation is needed to come up with appliances with low power consumption. The objective of these interventions is to minimise environmental degradation by reducing reliance on fossil fuels. The other major weakness discussed in the previous section is the difficulty of recycling a toaster. According to Chapman (2005, p. 129), life cycle analysis has specific guidelines that should be followed in disposing an item. The analysis requires the appliance to be re-used to prevent the generation of more synthetic materials. As already indicated in this report, the need to recycle is governed by the element of environmental conservation. To this effect, an appliance that is assembled using materials that pose a challenge during the recycling process will increase environmental degradation. Proposed Redesign of the Toaster According to Energy.gov (2013, para. 2), the rising demand for electrical appliances leads to a proportionate increase in demand for energy. The aspect of environmental protection comes in when the energy is produced in a manner that is not eco-friendly. Kibert (2012, p. 163) insists that it is important to manufacture appliances that consume less power. The interaction between such gadgets and the environment is not harmful. The scenario illustrates the need to dismantle the typical toaster and come up with a new design that addresses the aforementioned weaknesses. To enhance the performance of an electrical appliance, the preferred redesign should be based on the incremental improvement of the constituent components. Horne et al. (2009, p. 96) hold the opinion that such re-engineering is achieved by substituting the unnecessary material. However, the replacement should be done in a way that does not interrupt the functions of the device. On the contrary, the functions should be improved (Horne et al. 2009, p. 96). With regards to the toaster addressed in this report, it is important to make several changes as far as packaging is concerned. Pablo (2009, p. 61) argues that most clients misplace the instruction manuals that come with an appliance. The few who retain the papers end up disposing them at some point. To address this issue, manufacturers of a simple machine like toaster should consider printing the instructions on a section of the actual device. For example, the instructions may b e embossed at the bottom of the machine. Such a modification will help to reduce the adverse effects that papers and plastics have on the environment. The same will also ease the recycling process, meeting the specifications laid down by LCA. The power cable is another aspect of the toaster that requires redesigning. According to Murielle (2011, para. 5), the plastic cords can be redesigned to improve functionality. Plastics are non-biodegradable, something that complicates the recycling process. It is advisable to replace the long cables with a shorter version, which further insulates the toaster. Still on the subject of insulation, the phenol formaldehyde used to coat the handles should be replaced with a bio-degradable material like bamboo (Crawford 2008, p. 500). The most important aspect of a toaster is its heating capabilities. Murielle (2011, para. 5) holds that the only way to improve the performance of a toaster is to enhance its heating qualities. Such an improvement calls for increased insulation by covering the exposed parts. In addition, manufactures can make use of components with little electrical resistance. One such material is copper with very few impurities. The new design should avoid having the copper arc across the cross-section of the plates. Instead, the sandwich toaster should have the heating material concentrated on the sections where the bread is placed. The same helps to distribute the heat evenly. Murielle (2011, para. 4) posits that an even distribution of heat helps to hasten the heating process, which reduces the amount of electricity spent. The major objective of the proposed modifications is to enhance the performance of the machine and improve its efficiency (Alastair 2009, p. 73). Redesigning a toaster is meant to enhance the quality of the toasted bread and eliminate components that have a negative effect impact on the environment. In addition, the proposed design will make it possible for the toaster to go through the com plete ‘life cycle’ with little or no hindrances. The objective is realised through the elimination of non- biodegradable materials, which are replaced with those that are friendlier to the environment. The proposed design is illustrated in figure 3 below: Figure 3: A cross section of the re-designed toaster The figure above makes it obvious that the new toaster is significantly different from the old one. The surface area covered by the heating filament has increased. Each of the sections in the plates has a portion of the heating filament running on it. The thickness of the copper has also decreased to reduce energy consumption (Alastair 2009, p. 113). The insulating material has been changed from the initial phenol formaldehyde to bamboo. The new insulator has properties that allow it to reduce heat loss into the environment. As a result, most of the heat energy is retained within the toaster. The same helps to reduce the time spent in burning the bread. The ripple e ffect is that a smaller amount of electricity is spent. Conclusion The recommendations made in this report are important in enhancing the performance of various machines used in the home and in the office. According to Chapman (2005, p. 108), the human race is heading to an era where electronic appliances will be vital components of life. At the same time, there will be increased demand for energy. All these developments need to address the issue of sustainable source of energy. The design of new appliances should help in conserving the environment and minimising energy consumption. The recommended and remodelled toaster responds to the weaknesses of the standard machine and makes it more efficient. The efficiency of other appliances must also be enhanced. However, the new designs should not impair the normal functioning of the product. References Alastair, F 2009, The eco-design handbook: a complete sourcebook for the home and office, Thames Hudson Publishers, London. Chapman, J 2 005, Emotionally durable design: objects experiences and empathy, Routlege, New York. Crawford, R 2008, ‘Validation of a hybrid life-cycle inventory analysis method’, Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 88 no. 3, pp. 496-506. Curran, A 2012, Life cycle assessment handbook: a guide for environmentally sustainable products, Wiley, London. Energy.gov 2013, Estimating appliance and home electronic energy use. Web. Esty, C Simmons, P 2011, The green to gold business playbook: how to implement sustainability practices for bottom-line results in every business function, Wiley, London. Guo, M 2012, Life cycle assessments (LCA) of lightweight eco-composites, Springer, New York. Hendrickson, T, Lester, B Scott, H 2006, Environmental life cycle assessment of goods and services: an input-output approach, Routlege, London. Horne, R, Grant, T Verghese, K 2009, Life cycle assessment: principles practice and prospects, Collongwood, CSIRO Publishing. Kibert, J 2012, Sustainable construction: green building design and delivery, Wiley, London. Klopfer, W Grahl, B 2014, Life cycle assessment, Wiley, London. Lowell, J 2009, Environmentally friendly toaster saves planet and breakfast. Web. Murielle, 2011, Creating and maintaining an eco-friendly kitchen. Web. Pablo, L 2012, Bamboo: a sustainable solution for Western Europe design cases LCAs and land-use, VSSD, Delft. Smil, V 2013, Making the modern world: materials and dematerialization, Wiley, London. Thwaites, T 2011, The toaster project: or a heroic attempt to build a simple electric appliance from scratch, Princeton Architectural Press, Princeton. Trusty, W 2010, An overview of life cycle assessments: part one. Web. United States Environmental Protection Agency 2012, Risk management sustainable technology: life cycle assessment (LCA). Web. Vallero, D Brasier, C 2008, Sustainable design: the science of sustainability and green engineering, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New Jersey. Vogtlander, G 2009, LCA-bas ed assessment of sustainability: the eco-costs/value ratio EVR, VSSD, Delft. Vogtlander, G 2011, A quick reference guide to LCA data and eco-based materials selection, VSSD, Delft. Vogtlander, G, Maestre, A, Rosan, H, Arno, S, Reene, W. 2013, Eco-efficient value creation, sustainable design and business strategies, Delft Academic Press, Delft. Zamagni, A 2012, ‘Life cycle sustainability assessment’, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, vol. 17 no. 4, pp. 373-376. This report on Redesigning a SandwichToaster to Improve its Performance and Life Cycle was written and submitted by user Seamus Beck to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.